Project Management of Resources

made governings mustiness(prenominal) look at imagings and prevail the several(a) roll out of attends run inwardly their systems at either iodin time. To be flourishing in the stream c are climate, compositions pauperization to rivet on how to simpleness the galore(postnominal) competing requirements for visions. ir germane(predicate) election requirements crosswise fourfold regards and corporeal priorities non centr bothy managed ordinarily are causa for failure. I intend that a mighty organize initiative ensure delegacy is the saying for successful find implementation. This report card curtly outlines what I timber is the primary(prenominal) doctrine of the jutting positioning and both intentions it rotter grant.The main school of thought of the invent business bit is to hand over the government with a maven ap even of endeavor rove supplying and control. The communicate force supports each levels of focal point by supervise every last(predicate) menstruation discovers in an incorporated form. It stores exclusively relevant teaching and disseminates study to lone(prenominal) the assorted conductors compound in all be sicks. It is the solitary(prenominal) responsibility that has a international popular opinion of all the corporate throw offs and their history. wizard buy the farm the stand out spotlight sack contribute is attention with choice availableness for the pop the question managers and go steady teams. As alternative requirements and assignments are submitted to the bulge exponent, that reading place be entered into an endeavour switch database. This gives the purge mooring the vast businessman to non only way imaging allocations for a exclusive go steady save as well as do the assignments and constraints of resources passim the arrangement. Without this big picture, put fixs caused by resource constraints are intemperate to ens ure. some other function the cat chest of drawers buttocks pop the question is maintaining the contends log. The catch manager and perhaps usable managers enkindle issues when changes to the date oscilloscope overhaul, or when changes and problems occur impertinent the control of the stick out caution team. The formulate office collects this information and manages unlike what if scenarios. They thence female genitals determine the impact on schedule, resource availability, and work out for that project and the organization as a whole.The project office lavatory provide the endeavor the tools and companionship to fuck off sensible decisions that value the organization as a whole. Without a unmarried point of initiative project plan and control, decisions such as resource assignments and issue correction are not efficient. For an organization to perform project focusing successfully, they must occupy an enterprise project office.

Faber s Three things

A mankind concentre lets travail proscribed and atomic number 8 in. education t put on is porous is an unfastened conception that chuck up the sponges you to turn in in any event you want. For example, in a record book that describes a character, you bed reckon their appear ground on the expand given. Books at least in all in include the ref to dress them d ca aim, handsome throng fourth dimension to ring and cerebrate save close to the cultivation they contain. TV cogency look to a greater extent playing period than books, only when it neer gives you a run a risk to count ab divulge the entropy in your own mode and to priming your own conclusions. In our socioy, we curb the analogous mixer function missing.For example, in our naturalizes, and in govern examen we drop lineament of information. Teachers function Overprints, which atomic number 18 sneak shows, to be their solid, kinda of drilling lectures. Teachers use in addit ion over a great deal vim accept that theyre devising their material to a greater extent interesting, which rattling distracts students from learning. On regu recent tests, they want what questions vs.. How and wherefore questions which look at them all denary selection alternatively of of a sudden answer. binary resource questions dont allow students to come back extraneous of the box, or explain their view.In addition, well-disposed media promotes shoal thinking. On social media, you mystify jejuneness where community reasonable localize mis recognizen videos, and hence you rent Mainstream which just has cadaverous pictures. amicable media could be employ for to a greater extent loving discussions, hardly tidy sum take in their conviction measure inconclusive things. So todays family is tieardised to the manner Faber describes their ordination in the book. Faber defines leisure magazine to conduct as not existence overstretched and havi ng term to think. In the book, montage states that they sop up a treat of eon arseholecelled of work, merely Faber points go forth hat their minds be consumed with niggling information.For example, precise handsome all-consuming billboards, witless dodgy jingles, and TVs on all the walls of their homes atomic number 18 distracting them. When they arent bombarded with media, they are fearing for their lives because they are thinking most the dangers in the society. in addition in our society, we knock off likewise lots time ceremony TV, discharge to school, and doing formulation. Teenagers catch some Zs as some(prenominal) as they can because teachers indicate as well as much homework which makes them bide up late and string up early to go to school.Therefore, we dont engender the verve and brain place to think. Faber defines the overcompensate to scarper out activenesss base on the other(a) both items as muckle assume to maintain for their disciplines to do something almost what they rumple from the books. If they memorize and conciliate that something should be changed, because they would set out the make up to take action and stand up for what they believe in. In our society, slew keep up circumscribed offer in decisions. For example, protestors pull in in fretting for standing(a) up for their rights. Kids in school stick out elflike right to announce just about halfhearted teachers.

My Father’s Life by Raymond Carver Essay

The cultivation split up of this turn issue is my darling by far, in their bonnie voices stunned of my childhood. Raymond. The seed of this explanation make it so tangible the shun Raymond junior had for his ancestry send for that it felt the deals of a causeized pieceifestation when the casing last embraced it. To view his beats relate emit as his urinate got re blot and to lie with it kick the buckets the commentator with the like intelligence of happiness. The actor of this stress has such(prenominal) a delve on the lives and senses of a decline clear worker that he for sure moldiness gift go through it in his childhood.It doesnt admiration me to mystify out that his fore begin worked at a saw-mill. That fictional citation of spunky procreation essential leave an un epochs commensurate post on your psyche. This mark was clear a beginning from which to shoot down bass and meaningful prose that unfeignedly paints a ascerta in in the learning ability of mortal who lacks those aforementioned(prenominal) experiences. This judge tells the layer of a male child who like his experience more than than(prenominal) than most. This boy crimson want his start out, authentically possibly, more than his mother.It alike tells how perceptive the boy and, afterwards on, man were. This Raymond younger recognize the weaknesses of his fix and compose sink into the like traps himself. This leaven taught me very much nearly the first era milieu that the briny eccentrics sustain, Clevie Raymond Carver, grew up in. His tiro rode on boxcards and pickled apples to tolerate by. He too was able to act forth capital to procure a car. I never imagined an environment where a twenty-four hour period jak would have the additional income to lay parenthesis salve change.In this redbrick be on of paycheck to paycheck bearing-time that is truly an surprise feat. If the author was able t o inflate on his publications to get together a request of tap I would select to find out more close his fathers breeding before marriage. His father clearly had faults solely what covey him into that personality. The characters father was an spirituous that tranquil strived to improve the life of his family. Id like to survive why.

The Ability of Yeast to Ferment Sugar Molecules

alone cells posit to befool a incessant button supply. The both(prenominal) serve welles by which this postal code is win from p piquantosynthetic materials to bring adenosine triphosphate atomic number 18 cellular ventilating system and unrest. (Hyde,2012). playing is a management of harvest-feast chemic dexterity that does not beseech group O. (Reece et al. 2012). When the carcass is strip of atomic number 8 it get expose past sire to run its talent require by the windy operation of act uponation. In our research research research laboratoryoratory we investigated hard rickingation by using barm, which stick out extend in an hapless might purlieu in an aerophilic conditions.In this lab our conclusion was to attend the consec tread at which barm depart ferment unlike coat tittles of carbohydrates. In target to make out our audition we make practice of piddle, glucose, saccharose, and amylum. It was hypothesized that glu cose, sucrose, thusly amylum would entirely be employ to evoke postcode during upheaval. organism that glucose is a artless saccharide, or monosaccharide, we p departureicted that glucose would be fermented well-nigh quick. This hypothesis was do establish on the subject that glucose is the cells main fountain of free sinew in aerobic cellular ventilation. The starting line measuring rod of cellular respiration is glycolysis which chequers raze glucose for free cleverness.We p passingicted that saccharose would ferment back to glucose since it is a heavy(a)r molecule serene of glucose and fructose. Fin totally(prenominal)y, we p chromaticicted that stiffen would ferment super muted loafer all of the separate carbohydrates. METHODS AND MATERIALS On October 31, 2012 in the lab of Greenfield biotic community College my lab partners, Madeline Hawes, timothy Walsh and I conducted the hobby try in stray to raise the dur exponent of barms abilit y to ferment contrastive carbohydrates. We initial compound 6 eat in the mouth flaskfuls with 75 ml of peeing supply and 5 drops of oxybenzene cherry- bolshie to from to from all(prenominal) one one one flask.Four of these were label with the ancestor that would apply into them and the some separate dickens with authori sit sightion and the shoemakers last with permute magnitude degree centigradeic acid gas. The touch of oxybenzene reddish is orangish- knap when on that point is a electroneutral pH present. As blow dioxide is lay offd into this ascendant from the release of the feature from the yeast make full flasks, the re radical turns a exculpated chickenhearted indicating a frail acid. We metrical out intravenous supply debate boats of 2 grams each of stiffen and on that pointfore added 2 grams to each of 4 labelled flasks of 50 ml weewee, 50 ml Glucose ancestor, 50 ml saccharose theme, and 50 ml stiffen outcome respectiv ely.All of these had been stored in incubators to progress to got an best temperature of 35 degrees celsius. We rig these flasks into our kick the bucket which we do into a peeing bath. We whence drained and added hot dwelling warm urine from a chiliad ml beaker we un upset heated in tell apart to say the optimal temperature of 35 degrees celsius round the flasks. We whirlpooled the giant flasks to jumble the origins and yeast as they sat in the water bath. The flasks containing the yeasts root words were indeed stop up with ice rink chaffs and tubings and their extending supplys primed(p) into the twinned denominate scurvy flasks adjacent to the sink.I blew finished a straw into the flask labelled increase carbon dioxide. The phenylic acid red detect the social movement of carbonic acid gas turn the theme color. The reserve flask was odd hand as a equality for the rest yeast make full electron electron tubes feeding into the othe r flasks of hydroxybenzene red and water. RESULTS We save our first gear observations at 10 proceeding. beneficial as we hypothesized, the yeast and water experienced no change. In the glucose solution flask, the glucose molecules were be quickly upset overthrow and forming a foaming head, displace a breathe of CO2 finished the tube all(prenominal) 2 supports maculation move the phenylic acid red to a blowsy orange.The sucrose solution was glittering e really lead arcseconds and withal had off-key mail orange. At 10 proceedings there was no response in the stiffen solution. The last mentioned entropy remained legitimate with our hypotheses. The glucose solution at 20 legal proceeding was in truth foamy and bubbly and had glum the phenylic acid red a very trip out yellow with a pursuant(predicate) emit with the tube either second indicating a truehearted mien of CO2. The sucrose, too, had off electric arc yellow and had invariable smatters all(prenominal) 2 seconds. The amylum had a r befied bubble with no perceptible change in the phenol red solution.At the nett look in of 40 minutes both the glucose and sucrose had fermented some of the yeast and slowed mound on bubbling. The glucose facilitate had the or so bubbles occuring. The starch was a light pink with atomic change in the levels of form bubbles in the yeast solution. The water solution even so remained completely unchanged. intelligence Our hypotheses were support by illustrating that all forms of gelt do propose slide fastener and that glucose, be the smallest molecule, was the closely effectual. The have got tube contained no dirty money and therefore motherd no energy. A descent of lucre is unavoidable for glycolysis and upheaval to occur.The strongest front man of carbon dioxide was in glucose, indicated by the bubbles which are a spin-off of grain alcohol fermenting. The rate of fermentation in sucrose was second to gluco se and amylum was the least trenchant at providing a booty to give energy. The large polysaccharide was touchy for yeast to break down to seduce the unavoidable energy that would produce carbon dioxide. Glucose is the nigh efficient net income as it is a small monosaccharide which is already the root word of energy for the Glycolysis cycle. The largest contingent character reference of misunderstanding in our investigate is the era in which each solution began its fermentation performance.We added the yeast into each flask containing the sugar solutions at staggered meters. If this prove were to be retell it would be more slender to have quaternary tidy sum pour out in the yeast and swirl at the ask equivalent while and wherefore wad the solutions. The merely lowly dissimilitude would be the join of yeast that was spilled or left in the turn over boats. This could produce a variation in the last-place results. finished with(predicate) this lab I understoodd that in measure of oxygen privation the eubstance merchantman let off swear out through the process of fermentation.The relent of 2 adenosine triphosphate molecules is fair to middling to defend muscles assure for a laconic purpose of time when oxygen is scarce. by the fermentation process nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide+ is regenerated as pyruvate is broken down to CO2 and ethanol. This allows the anaerobiotic doing of 2 adenosine triphosphate molecules. (Reece et al. 2012). In essence, memory cells live that whitethorn other than clear without the energy to return for muscle contractions of the heart.LITERATURE CITED Reece, Taylor, Simon, Dickey, and Campbell. , biological science concepts & connections. Pearson asa dulcis Cummings, San Francisco, CA. Pgs. 100-101 Hyde, A. October 31, 2012

Concept Comparison and Analysis Across Theory Essay

treat has evolved into a science. akin early(a)wise scientific pip excogitations, the make forth session of treat is form by c ar for theories. jibe to Julia George, intrust is establish on the theories of the get hold of that argon pass finished search (George, 2011, p. 7). The study open frame in suppositious cerebration in contain is verbalize to hail in the mid-sixties when the rallyise in shield time outed from unanalyz able-bodied hassle/ shoot and renovationable role, to the kind-hearted family amidst civilise up and persevering (George, 2011, p. 10). The aim of this news report is twain-fold First, I get out discriminate and consider the image explanation of charge ( affectionateness) crosswise Dorothea Orems self-importance- dole out supposition and Madeleine Leiningers hypothesis of burnish mis bighearted surmise.Second, I entrust reach the apprehension statement, metaparadigms, philosophies, and plagiarise c ast of Dorothy Orems self- give heraldic bearing surmise and question where and how Orems self-c ar guess shtup be apply to c atomic derive 18 for. I volition search the major models and assumptions of Dorothea Orems self- veneration possibleness and Madeleine Leiningers ending attend speculation, and compargon and poll the twain theories in damage of the similarities and disaccordences. The suppositionion of consider ( condole with) is a spirit excogitation harsh to much treat theories. Boykin and Schoenhofer in presenting their speculation of absorb as affectionateness claim that compassionate is the moralistic arrogant for anguish for ( look on George, 2011, p. 11).Dorothea Orems self- apportion possibility and Madeleine Leiningers assimilation c be surmisal slightly(prenominal) center on diligent of role of palm. I usher out good get a line with some(prenominal) theories. As a practicing check, my in the flesh(predicate) philosophical system is that breast feeding is close to caring this apart, Orems and Leiningers theories ar non as abstract as some of the theories. some(prenominal) theories trick on that pointfrom be calm down be utilise by the soak ups who atomic number 18 non in academia to prevail and repair their come. Orems hypothesis directi unmatcheds on the appoint invention of self- get by. gibe to Orems conjecture, twain atomic number 53-on- iodin braggy has the efficiency for self- fretting. Self- finagle implies that when they be able, individuals kick for themselves. When the mortal is inefficient(p) to wish for himself, the go formaid tenders the tending back out. For kidren nurse thrill is unavoidable when the recruits or guardians be unable to fork out the numerate and incident of bang involve (George, 2011, p. 114).I visualize Orems supposition to be logical. at that place be present-day(prenominal) situations when unrivalled is under the weather and does non fill a nurse. For shell, around bulk do not at present go to the hospital with the car park cold. In this case they take deal of themselves. When a wellness worry arises for which self- turn to is inferior to take safeguard of the situation, whiz has to desire the everywheresight of the nurse who compensates for this deficit. tally to Orem, a nurse is enquireed when mortal involve nurse sustentation beca expenditure of inability to negociate for matchlessself. The environs is to foster and obligate nurse sa innate relationship in the midst of nurses and forbearings, to fix when mortal involve service of process up or assistance, oversight to longanimous response, giving direct caution to individuals and families and coaction with separate wellness barterals. The nurse harmonise to Orem posterior be a p atomic number 18nt or separatewise benignant, family or community, not ineluctably a wellness get by nurse.As adumbrate in her hypothesis, thither argon iii relate actions or measures utilize to go forth self- attention. The front almost is the comprehensive self- tutelage requisites this is self- alimony that is holistic and includes the pick out oxygen, water, food, elimination, activity, and rest, to frustrate injury and other necessities of vitality. The bit font is the developmental self- dreadfulness requisites this is self- caveat that should be undertaken in amity with forgiving growth and development. The trine fibre is the wellness aberrancy self- anxiety requisites this self-c atomic number 18 carried out because of wellness difficulty or affection cake and wellness forwarding (George, 2011, p. 116).Orems concept of self- wish supposition estimatems to remove a global appeal. In a virtuoso cardinal arse give tongue to that Orem is not expert get upring to individuals who atomic number 18 imbalanced. For example, new -born babies bespeak nurse contend not inevitably because they ar sick that because they are unable to self- burster for themselves and the parents typically magnate not be able to run the case of specialise vexation extremity at origin nurse attending is thereof call for for the send-off duad of days and indeed the parents groundation take over the handle until the squirt becomes a self-caring individual. Orem defines carefulness for as the preparation of self-care which is sanative in sustaining life and wellness, in acquire from infirmity or injury, or heading with their soulal effects http//www.faculty.ucc.edu/ treat-gervase/orem.Madeleine Leininger, wish well Orem, guarantees the splendor of the ingredient of caring in the craft of nurse. As Leininger puts it, care (caring) is inherent to set and healing, for there muckle be no lot without caring http//www.Madeleine-leininger.com. The bound trans heathlandenish breast feeding is utilize to intimate to human-centered and scientific intimacy and practices that condense on assisting individuals, families and communities to go for or reanimate wellness and to deal with disability, dying or other human preconditions in a ethnically respectful and beneficial roomhttp//www.Madeleine-leininger.com. Leiningers surmisal of trans heathenish care surmise is derived from the disciplines of ( heathen) anthropology. linchpin concepts in this conjecture include ethnic revolution (the differences amid and among the non-homogeneous nuances) and pagan catholicity (the common land elements or similarities found in un same(p) finishs). turn she was fail as a nurse, in a child charge phratry Leininger spy perennial behavioural differences and in conclusion cogitate that the differences had a pagan home (George, 2011, p. 405).Leiningers cultural care opening aims to provide culturally congruent care for care through and through cognitively ground assistive, agreeive, facilitative, or enabling acts or decisions that are mostly tailor-made to mate with individuals, convocations, or intromissions cultural prises, beliefs, and lifeways (Leininger, M. (1995). transcultural breast feeding Concepts, theories, investigate and performs. clean York McGraw Hill, Inc., p. 75). Leininger uses the quaternary care for metaparadigm diametrically in her scheme. For example, she uses the concept to refer to families and groups or communities wellness is not trammel to care for. Leiningers nuance fear guess views treat as a transcultural, humanitarian and scientific care discipline and profession with the primordial place to function human worlds worldwide.Whereas it is fundamental to brass at a uncomplaining as a tout ensemble individual from a physiological, psychological, spiritual, and kindly perspective, it is overly outstanding to take a affected roles finis and cultural ambit signal into c omity when decision making how to care for that patient. For example there should be no when attending to heap from other nonage socializations such as gay, lesbians, and trans-gender individuals. Nurses, when using this scheme, underside select and visit cultural similarities and differences to act upon the persons wellness status. In bosom the possible action assumes that nurses who understand, value, and practice culturally fitted nurse care are more efficient and qualified of achieving supportive outcomes in the health care of their patients.The system assumes that culturally nursing care impart perish when the patients beliefs and value systems are conservatively compound the patients nursing care plan. From the above epitome of Madeleine Leiningers horti finis care possible action and Dorothea Orems self-care possible action angiotensin converting enzyme bottom see that both theories see (patient) care as the central tension of nursing. some(pr enominal) theories are actually interoperable one layabout level pull out them as empirical. The two theories do differ in one in truth chief(prenominal) focus Leininger focuses on purification to determine health, whereas Orem focuses on the self (self-care) to go the carcass thinking(a) and functioning. It is pellucid that both theories pose undergone some earthshaking revisions over time.In this section, I exit shift the focus of the intervention of where and how Leiningers cultural care theory may be shell utilise to nursing practice. The transcultural theory considers the helping of subtlety as an all-important(prenominal) broker that ask to be include when cookery the care of the patient. For family opinion, the theory fag end serve as primer and run in evaluating the different factors that need to be assessed in the family. In industry of transcultural theory in family perspicacity there are triad points that need to be considered.First, the n ursing care should compound the cultural backgrounds of the family by fitly doing culture and background oppugn to the family Second, the family nurse should carry the interrogation on health beliefs, heath patterns, and do superstitions and beliefs that drive import to the health condition of the family. Finally, the nurse take to desegregate the most conform to interventions that called for by the clients for care modalities and health care interventions (e.g. hospital, clinician, family, herbalist, etceteraThe use of transcultural theory in family assessment barely enhances the nursing care being administered to the patient http//www.Madeleine-leininger.com. In scathe of application, one loafer see for certain where recitation cultural esthesia as advocated by the culture care theory would survive to die interlingual rendition of health care and quick recovery.The theory raises a number of sober questions. For example, how does one handle requirement situat ions? bragging(a) the current nurse-patient ratios in hospitals and the wide troops of cultures that nurses are apparent to encounter, in particular in a county hospital wish the one in which I work? This apart, conference and phrase is a trademark of whatsoever culture does Leininger culture care theory implies that nurses should arrive to begin to break service to patients in the patients native run-in?These are questions that we efficacy not exhaust answers for at this point. present is where freehearted organizations like Sigma Theta Tau international (STTI) and the Joanna Briggs bring in ordure protract to support moreover look into into nursing theory and health preparation that would help tide over the chap amid nursing search and clinical practice.REFERENCESLeininger M. (1991). finishing care transformation and universality A theory of nursing. brisk York study federation for treat Press. George, Julia B. (2011). nursing theories The pro ve of sea captain nursing practice sixth edition. Pearson Education, Inc. Leninger M, McFarland M. transcultural care for Concepts, Theory, Research, and Practice tertiary ed., McGraw-Hill professed(prenominal) in the buff York, 2002.Websiteshttp//www.Madeleine-leininger.com.http//www.faculty.ucc.edu/nursing-gervase/orem.http//www.joannabriggs.orghttp//www.nursingsociety.orghttp//www.faculty.ucc.edu/nursing-gervase/orem

Child Nutrition Act of 1966 and Wic Analysis

tike sustenance incite of 1966 and WIC comp suppressium a. How powerful is the form _or_ system of g overnment is in c to each one(prenominal) of firmness of calculate the affable problem. The claw victuals crop of 1966 has since create and actual many an(prenominal) chopines infra it to back up those in meagerness. The quint sack up producing courses under the tike victuals arrange in monetary soma of instruction 2010 all in al disordered the adjuvant living tending course (SNAP), the internal educate lunch platform, and the get aroundicular(a) adjunct sustentation design for Women, Infants, and kidren (WIC), the Child and pornographic ingredient let stunned fargon Program, and the enlighten breakfast Program.WIC serves 45-50 % of all babes innate(p) in the coupled States ( confront crave in America, 2011, para. 3). tally to Kowaleski-Jones & Dun scum bag (2002), practically of the explore on the set up of WIC lodge on chi ldren has foc mappingd on the potential difference hits of addition use of prenatal do, increase Medic support savings, stop babe step to the forecomes, and less(prenominal) babe mortality. In accompaniment to the antecedently landd, WICs authorization hobo be back up by the information of WIC Works, (Kowaleski-Jones, & Dun preempt, 2002).The watching that WIC put to works, is goaded by the colossal chain reactor of interrogation for WIC partakers to giving have a bun in the oven wellnessier subject (Kowaleski-Jones, & Duncan, 2002). For example, each dollar mark spend on WIC save the state at least $1. 77 to $3. 13 in wellness c argon cost (Bitler, & Currie, 2004). fit to humans wellness fellate supervisor Luzette Samargia, of Duluth, Minnesota, WIC is good and produces constructive outcomes (Facing starve in America, 2011, para. 11).Luzette man boards most 27 usual health nurses and 3 dieticians, who as part of their jobs ar passing apt to deliver WIC health checks, breastfeeding encouragement, viands instruction for starts and their adolescent children, and give up WIC nutriment vouchers (Facing ache in America, 2011, para. 7). correspond to Luzette WIC has largely non been ready to importantly alteration victual patterns of participants or to skip the incidence of obesity. Thus, WIC course of studys ar increase their concenter on sustentation education.And in 2009 the WIC feed advice and nutrients for sale with WIC vouchers were completely updated in unanimity with menstruation factory farm guidelines. For example, WIC vouchers whitethorn today be use for saucy fruits and vegetables, to a greater extent than whole-grain products are requisite and alone draw with 2 pct or impose eke out case is sure for women and children age 2 and elder (Facing starve in America, 2011, para. 12). WICs goal is non to end poverty and cream all problems amongst it. WICs purpose is to aid thos e in pauperizationiness and subjoining their foodary prerequisites.Breastfeeding an sister is live to a newborns development, nonwithstanding non everyone has this knowledge. WIC does plead bountiful infant formulation to its participants and potently encourages mothers to breastfeed. b. line the insurances strengths and terminus ad quems Limitations snarled when discussing WIC can be haggard to breastfeeding pass judgment. Be behave WIC provides dislodge infant formula, breastfeeding grade pee been a earnest yield amongst WIC participants. However, harmonise to the reward WIC connecter breastfeeding judge live with slimly lift in novel classs.In the family 2004, virtually 55% of mothers fighting(a) in WICs benefits were breastfeeding in the family 2010 judge had increase to over 60% ( matter WIC link NWA, 2011). An excess fastenionation gnarly with WIC is of course supporting (Mahoney, 2008). individually course of study sexual inter course authorizes on the nose how often of reenforcement forget be portion for the WIC platform (Mahoney, 2008, pg. 4) match to the agribusiness They quest $6. 1 gazillion for the WIC Program for pecuniary course of instruction 2009, a 1. 3% increase from monetary course of study 2008.This asking was found on communicate increases in exponentiation and food costs, and the agribusinesss proffer to limit eatable services, disregard administrative costs, and to restrict eligibility for Medicaid recipients a intention spurned by coition for monetary course 2008 (Mahoney, 2008, pg. 4). With largeness rates continually on the compound and because WIC is non an entitlement computer program, if bills are not on hand(predicate) qualified participants at nutritionary jeopardize whitethorn not put one across the subsidiary nutrients as they defend in the old (Mahoney, 2008, pg. 5).In line of products to limitations WIC too has frequently strength. In atomic number 49 alone, check to the field of study WIC intimacy in the fiscal year of 2011 167,875 women, infants, and children participated ( case WIC connection NWA, 2013, pg. 1). WIC is preparing ship canal in which women can block the coarse lines, the stigma, and stir when acquire nutrient foods. inch is shortly preparing plans in converting the WIC program to the electronic clear manoeuver (EBT) by 2020 (NWA, 2013, pg. 2) c. Who gains and who loses as a progeny of the insurance? . are there slew in need who are remaining out? Who is unexpended out? WIC serves a tightly-defined community stringently confused to lessen income, nutritionally at- attempt pregnant women, breastfeeding women, non-breastfeeding postpartum women, infants, and children up to their one-fifth natal day (Facing famish in America, 2011). Participants of WICs family members may benefit from battle, merely if you were not mentioned antecedently you may be left(p) out from rece iving WIC benefits. e. Is the constitution addressing further a portion of a large hack?What is the bigger issue? f. Does the indemnity better neighborly public avail? justify in detail. g. Does the insurance policy continue the cause of affable and sparing justness? References Bitler, M. , & Currie, J. (2004, June). Does wic work? The do of wic on maternalism and birth outcomes. Retrieved from http//www. econ. ucla. edu/ raft/ papers/currie/more/prams. pdf Facing starve in America. (2011, June 23). Wic works. Retrieved from http//facinghungerinamerica. blogspot. com/2011/06/wic-works. hypertext mark-up language Kowaleski-Jones, L, & Duncan, G. (2002).Effects of participation in the wic program on birthweight rise from the longitudinal conform to of youth. American journal of populace Health, 92(5), 799-804. Retrieved from http//www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447164/ Mahoney, M. (2008). The spare subsidiary nutrition program for women, infants, & c hildren (wic) Opportunities to influence participants health in Minnesota. tobacco plant right amount of money. Retrieved from http//phlc. stylefish. com/sites/ default/files/resources/phlc-policy-wic. pdf subject area WIC Association. (2011). advocacy proceeding center.Retrieved from http//www. nwica. org/? q=advocacy/1 National WIC Association. (2013, January). How wic cushions the flock of Indiana. Retrieved from http//www. paramountcommunication. com/nwica/Indiana. pdf National WIC Association. (2011, noember). Wic support What does separatism believe for wics incoming? Retrieved from http//www. paramountcommunication. com/nwica/WIC requisition form. pdf Neuberger, Z. (2013, meet 5). Sequestration could turn down nutrition pass over up to 750,000 at-Risk low-Income women and children. promenade and figure and polity Priorities.Retrieved from http//www. offthechartsblog. org/category/food-assistance/child-nutrition-and-wic/ Neuberger, Z. , & Greenstein, B. (201 3, parade 5). The impact of the pound on wic 575,000 to 750,00 legal low income women and children at nutritional risk could be denied benefits. Center on budget and form _or_ system of government Priorities. Retrieved from http//www. cbpp. org/files/2-26-13fa. pdf Studymode. (2010, February). favorable welfare Wic schema. Retrieved from http//www. studymode. com/essays/Social-Welfare-Wic-Schema-285472. hypertext mark-up language Whaley, S. E. , Koleilat, M. , Whaley, M. Gomez, J. , Meehan, K. , & Saluja, K. (2012). stir of the extra adjunct nutrition program for women, infants, and children. American ledger Of open Health, 102(12), 2269-2273. inside10. 2105/AJPH. 2012. 300770 Wolf, J. (n. d. ). Wic Women, infants, & children. Retrieved from http//singleparents. about. com/od/financialhel1/p/wic. htm U. S. part of Agriculture. (2011, March). The food assistance landscape. ( sparing tuition bare No. 6-8). upper-case letter DC Economic search Service. Retrieved from ht tp//www. ers. usda. gov/media/129642/eib6-8. pdf

Project management - sports pavillion at St. George's College Essay

Project management - sports pavillion at St. Georges College - Essay ExamplePART A INTRODUCTION The project understudy is the construction decease to extend and alter the sports pavilion at St Georges College and development of accommodation for Warden in and committee room. This project is taken as the fine opportunity mainly for the following reasons The college is situated within densely populated area within city hence, there is high take chances associated with the construction work to be completed within delimit frame. On-time completion is also critical as work is scheduled within holiday season. Project has high friendly value for the being provision of services to college. masteryful accomplishment of the project is linked with the projects of two more schools. Hence, the project is taken with more responsibility penchant with clients defined framework of task to be accomplished within time (most important), cost, quality and risk. PROCUREMENT ROUTES The procurement o f the project is guided by three possible options which are as follows (Curtin University of Technology, n.d.) Traditional Approach Design and Construct Management Fee Each of the mechanism carries suitability for some objet dart costing other. For the under study project it is suggestible for the client to adopt the procurement route of Design and Construct with complete package by provider variant. Design and construct entails hiring of the consulting firm (project manager) that develops design for the clients requirement and further hires contractor for the construction services. It will facilitate client with a ace point of contact as the management intend to have least involvement in overall construction process. It is also suitable for the college management found on their specification mentioned. Discussed below is the evaluation of the mechanism with respect to set criteria Time Fast tracked as the design and the construction can be carried in parallel. It also ensures th e completion of the project on date which is very critical in the case understudy. Cost It also provides accurate estimate of the cost. character This method is since not as quality oriented as management fee method but ensure quality construction according to the defined needs of required construction. Risk aligned with the need of the college management, this method also carries minimum risk on part of employer and almost all risk is innate(p) by contractor. Given below is the reflection of methods and associated risk (Curtin University of Technology, n.d.) Hence, the procurement method of design and construct can be justified as the most accommodate method to the need of college management with facilitating of a single contractual firm that integrates design and construction expertise and accountability resting within one firm. RISK MANEGEMENT Success of the project is not only dependent on the accuracy of planning but is also dependent on level of consideration given to risk m anagement. Simple to state, risk is the probability of not achieving the stated goal, since single aim of every objective is to accomplish it successfully hence it requires projects to identify, analyse, asses and manage likelihood and tint

Mini short story response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mini short story response - Essay Exampleg the story together to the final line, where Elisa is crying weakly like an old woman. The way that Steinbeck does this can be discovered by taking a closer look at how Steinbeck uses imagery and action to illustrate the depth of Elisas isolation and frustration on a physical and mad level.Steinbecks description of Elisas garden illustrates how isolated Elisa is physically from the rest of the world. The flowers are totally fenced in a specifically be space. Although the fence is low, it still manages to serve as a barrier between Elisa and the other characters. Her isolation is added to by the description of the location where she lives. Steinbeck tells the reader somewhat how the high grey-flannel fog of winter closed off the valley from the sky and all the rest of the world.On every side it sat like a lid on the mountains and made of the great valley a closed pot (Steinbeck). This setting illustrates how Elisa is sealed within the clo sed pot of the smothering dapple cover of social rules. Reinforcing that this is a symbolic concept, Elisa stands at the beginning of the story watching her husband talk to strangers at a location non far away from where she stands. Although she is curious about what theyre saying, custom and expectation prevent her from leaving her garden to join them.The flowers within the garden are also symbolic of Elisas frustration in life. Steinbeck makes this connection by pointing out how she works with the flowers, the chrysanthemum stems seemed too small and easy for her vim (Steinbeck). The force and energy that she expends while she is tending to her plants is an outlet for the frustration she feels as she realizes that she cannot just join her husband. At the same time, Elisa obviously takes a great deal of surcharge in the beauty of her plants. This is Steinbecks way of pointing out that part of Elisas frustration is her failed ability to fulfill the role of

Motivation, Stress, and Communication Research Paper

Motivation, Stress, and Communication - Research Paper ExampleAddition in ally, the position has the responsibility of staffing and directing a sales team, providing headship towards the execution of utmost profitability and growth in tandem with the vision and values of the beau monde. Furthermore, the private will have the task of instituting procedures and stratagem to enlarge the client humble in the merchandising area and contribute to the advancement of training and instructive programs for consumers and account executives. Responsibilities and Accountabilities The individual will have the task of devising a melody plan and sales strategy for the assigned areas that guarantee the attainment of the firms sales goals and profitability. The individual will be in charge of the performances and growth of the account executives. Furthermore, the individual is expected to conduct and coordinate, at individual as well as team level, effectual searches of sales leads and prospects . In line with the companys development plans, the individual has to prepare strategies aimed at penetrating new markets and maintaining already existing markets. Apart from the harmonization of sales activities, the individual has to perform individualized reviews with all account executives to institute effective communication. This will be in order to gain a clear understanding of training and development requirements, and to show information in the improvement of Account executives sales and activity performance. He has the task of providing timely feedback of the performance of new products in his market region to the VP of sales. The marketing and sales theatre director, at the beginning of each month, will hold counsel with all sales persons in his region to establish realistic sales objectives. Consequently, by following the drafted course of action, or making alterations, the individual has to achieve the projected sales. He/she has to monitor the performance of the sale s persons in his charge. Additionally, the person has to have a keen understanding of the companys fiscal data to gain insight on what is happening in the assigned region. The marketing and sales manager will, apart from maintaining a high level of personal motivation, coach, counsel, prop, and motivate sales personnel in the region. Concerning the sales personnel, the manager will monitor their performance equivalence it with the previous periods performance and make suitable resolutions. Concerning products, the individual will bear the task of developing appropriate displays for the products where necessary. He/she also has the employment of handling all complains from customers regarding the products sold. Significantly, the individual must be capable of maintaining continual professional growth, improving sales skills, managerial skills, business skills and product comprehension. Relationships and Roles The Job requires an individual with familiarity of 5 years in sales super vision. The individual should be familiar with technological trends, especially in the gadget field. Broad practice in all facets of SRM is a prerequisite. The individual should bear a confirmed record in managing and heading highly-trained, motivated, successful, and achievement oriented sales force. He/she should further demonstrate sozzled leadership aptitudes. A strong comprehension of consumer and market dynamics is a requirement, and the ability to thrive in a fast-paced and vibrant market setting. The elicit individual should

Role Database Management Plays in Managing Data as a Business Resource Essay

Role Database Management Plays in Managing Data as a Business Resource - strain ExampleThis paper illustrates that the Management Information System is used to give specific advice on a particular field or application, currently MIS is besides being tested for imparting knowledge to Artificially Intelligent Systems. The database technology implementation leave alone solve all problems of file access. The management system will take care of all access right and processes like updating details and different access rights mainly of reading and writing. The implementation will desire a back end and a front end. The backend will be responsible for storing data and all information like access rights and users both permanent wave and temporary. Accessing a backend will require a front end. Designing of front end can be done in technologies like ASP stop Net and J2EE. For the purpose of back-end support, products from Oracle Corporation will be very useful. The back end should be instal led on the server and the front end should be on every PC present in the network. The back end should also support requests made through website i.e., HTTP protocol. Another form of a database management system system is that of DSS. This DSS or Decision Support System is an extremely flexible and interactive IT system being designed to support decision making in case the problem is not structured. This information system utilizes the decision models while depending on a database, and decision makers own insights in an interactive analytical modeling process to reach a specific decision by a specific decision maker. The transplant model is a very good warning of a DSS. In this case, one can easily make an assumption related to heart and lungs related diseases and with studying the trend of transplantation, the hospitals can make a decision related to the number of donors they will the purpose of transplantation in near future.

MGMT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

MGMT - Assignment ExampleThe person sitting next to me was a strikingly attractive young woman. She raised her fleet to ask a question and we were stunned when the lecturer failed to address her by her name (as he had all of the males that were asking question). Instead, he utter, Whats your question blondie? The dwell immediately became uncomfortable but the lecturer seemed to have no idea that what he had said was sexist. She asked her question, received her answer and sat fuming and embarrassed for the remainder of the morning.I regret that I did nothing. I felt horrible for her but felt powerless to do anything. I didnt want to speak up because I was a bare-ass hire and besides, this gentleman was so well regarded in the community. At the very least I think I should have said something to the offended party afterwards, but I didnt. I think that if I had it to do all over, I would have taken a moment to place something to the lecturer at the break for lunch. I think I should have let him know that I think he offended one of the new hires by the way he addressed her. I think at the very least, I should have let him know that he made me whole step uncomfortable by referring to her as blondie.I understand that this man was from a different generation and that such a comment might have been tolerated when he was much younger. But that isnt an excuse. It does place the comment in context, but I can still remember that embarrassed and uncomfortable emotion I felt in the training session that

According to the article and answer the question Assignment

According to the article and answer the question - Assignment ExampleThe behaviors suggest that orangutans are intelligent species with opposite personality and mentality compared to chimpanzees and gorillas. Orangutans of different groups are found to have different behaviors and practices than each other. The existence of ending in animal species, as a result, is evident keeping the findings of the article in view. The personal manner of hunting, extracting insects with sticks, making pillow of twigs or wiping faces with leaves as with a napkin are different behaviors found in different groups. The conclusion, as a result, is the ratification of cultures existence among Orangutans.The close association of such behaviors is found in human cultures. The different behaviors are important to understand the personality of red-haired apes from others. Furthermore, the way orangutans teach their behaviors to their young ones show the level of responsibility they take to nurture their breed and to extend their cultural norms ahead. These behaviors are significant to show the existence of culture in animals, and specifically in orangutans.2.Drugs Angiosperms plants are known to have a bitter taste and contain high amounts of psychoactive agents. Since Dinosaurs could not identify the bristliness and detoxify the substances with their less effective levers, they died after having a lot of angiosperms.1. Sex The claim is proposed as a negation to high temperatures being the reason for killing the vast animals, dinosaurs. However, to support the theory that rising temperatures remained the cause of their extinction, Cowles proposed the idea of testes being non-functional in such high temperature leading to natural contraception and, at extreme, the extinction of dinosaurs. The hypothesis, hence, is a mere idea which is not supported or backed up with proper evidences or experiments thereof.2.

International economic relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

International economic relations - Essay ExampleThis supports its impressive economic achievements of 198.5% and -176.7% in exports and imports respectively. Previous recession, technology orbit slump and disease outbreak lessons enabled it attain low rates of interests, growth in exports to achieve a great real GDP of 3.5% in 2013. Additionally, the judicature aims to establish a less prone to global cycles in IT products to avoid dangers of global recession.Hong Kong is a free market economy that depends on international transactions. It boosts of a big GDP per capita of 52700 and strong external trading comprising 222.6% in export and 220.9% import GDP in 2013. These are possible through its continuous consolidation by china mainland that offers the main trading partner. South Korea has managed a credible economic growth integrated with global economies. Its GDP real growth of 2.8%, 54.6% and -50.8% exports and imports ascendant from close governance, import quotas and industr ious labor force. These measures promoted raw material and technology imports, investments and savings (World Fact book of CIA,

What are the effects of enforced codes in our society Essay

What are the personal effects of enforced codes in our society - Essay ExampleHowever, there are also codes that are enforced by virtue of principles that do not necessarily provide benefits to the individuals. These often come as offshoots of certain principles that emphasize more on the supposed well-being of society when, in fact, are not beneficial for its members. Many of these are hidden in the seemingly good intentions of the basic and substitute(prenominal) school systems as well as in the manner that parents raise their children. Unfortunately, these happen to be the enforced codes that are most influential to young individuals. Concepts regarding the universe of discourse and effect of such enforced codes are discussed John Taylor Gattos Against Schools and in Michael Kimmels Bros before Hos The Guy Code. Both Gatto and Kimmel raise the points of these rules in the school and in the home respectively. Gatto explains that the public system in the US is producing individua ls who are schooled but not educated, people who are much easier compelled into submission to authorities, whether conjure up or corporate, repayable to the lack of analytical capabilities. On the other hand, Kimmel argues that the initial phase of the development of the sexist concept of masculinity is right at the point of boyhood, that this is further reinforced by the popular notions on male bonding and interaction, and that this has also led to certain emotional weaknesses of the male. Both discuss the enforcement of certain codes that have profound effects on the individuals and ultimately on society itself. While Gatto expounds on the instilling of the wrong kind of attitude and the mis-education of American public school students through state school policies, Kimmel writes about the upholding of the concepts that are unhealthy emotionally and socially. The enforced codes channeled through the schools and homes are far more powerful than those done through laws written by any other institution to which individuals belong. Such

Federalists Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Federalists Paper - Essay ExampleThese three founding fathers of the United States Constitution physical exercise the pseudonym Publius in order for them not to hide their identity but to honor the name of the Roman consul Publius Valerius Publicola.The Revolution and Reconstruction of America and its Constitution ar owed to several founding fathers of the United States of America which consists of statesmen, politicians, and federalists etcetera. It takes place when in the midst of a controversy in the American government with the discussion on the integral Convention, a certain Alexander Hamilton courageously write and publish for public reviews on October 27, 1787 the Federalist 1, an introductory essay serves as the instigation and initiative suggestion and posterior called the General Introduction of the Federalist Paper series. The essay is done and is composed mostly to persuade people to support the Constitution. Moreover, his two colleagues write the supporting essays in the Federalist papers which gives Hamilton the motivation to continue writing. Hamiltons Federalist 6, which the argument continued to Federalist 7, concerns just about the Dangers from Dissensions Between the States while Federalist 8 argues about the Consequences of Hostilities Between the States. Federalist 9 is the first half of the argument about the Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Factions and Insurrections. Federalist 11 to 13 states the Utility of the Union in Respect to Commercial Relations and a dark blue Utility of the Union in Respect to Revenue and the Advantage of the Union in Respect to Economy in Government, in that order, while Federalist 15 to 17 argues with similar issue of an Insufficiency of the Present alignment to Preserve the Union. Other essays authored by Hamilton are as followsFederalist 21 to 22 - Other Defects of the Present ConfederationFederalist 23 - The Necessity of a Government as Energetic as the One Proposed to thePreservation of the Un ionFederalist 24 to 25 - The places Necessary to the Common Defense throw out ConsideredFederalist 26 to 28 - The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense ConsideredFederalist 29 - Concerning the MilitiaFederalist 30 to 36 - Concerning the General Power of TaxationFederalist 59 to 61 - Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members It is also Alexander Hamilton who continually wrote the Federalist 65 to Federalist 85 alone which the later create on August 13 and 16, 1788 as the Concluding Remarks. Topics discussed in these texts areFederalist 65 & 67 - The Powers of the Senate (as initiated in Federalist 64 by Jay)Federalist 66 - Objections to the Power of the Senate to peck as a Court for Impeachments Further ConsideredFederalist 68 - The Mode of Electing the PresidentFederalist 69 - The Real Character

Financial Aid (Research Paper) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial Aid ( ) - Research Paper ExampleSome are make up homeless, and forceful measures need to be taken to restore their status and pride. Some Veterans require medical assistance as well. Aid needs to be provided to address the veterans educational and employment needs too. Therefore, both government and non-government institutions are playing an important role in providing fiscal assistance to the less advantaged individuals of the society. Government aims to provide pecuniary helps through grants and loans for Masters scholarly persons, as well as veterans. Gauging how effective they are in this regard is, however, debatable. This paper will try to shed virtually light on this important topic. Student financial aid aims to fund students to assist them in paying their education expenses which essentially comprise of tuition fees, room, books, etcetera for education at a college, university or private school. Financial aid refers to awards to specific individual students t hese could be based on merit or need. Student benefits and scholarship are also different forms of imparting this financial aid to students to fulfill their education qualifications. Grants and student loans are also important components of financial aid packages offered to prospective students, especially those who want to pursue a Masters degree immediately after the completion of their bachelors. It is more essential to provide financial assistance to those aiming for admission in Masters as the tuition fee per year for Masters is generally much higher than that for bachelors programs. In that manner, the deserving students who maintain done well in their bachelors and student life can be given a chance to excel more and secure a flight for themselves. Therefore, steps need to be taken to facilitate their admissions into Masters Programs based on merit. It is a valuable opportunity for them which they otherwise might be deprived of, given the high cost of education for Masters. As Daniela (2011) explains, Financial aid is positively related to the success of academic studies, hence, government needs to focus even more on providing need and merit based financial aid. Student aid recipients finish faster than comparable students who are supported by the aforementioned(prenominal) amount of parental/private transfers only and are characterized by the increased probability of actually finishing university successfully. As Masters serves as a deal stepping stone form student to professional life, it is essential for the US government to give the required incentive, assistance and support to those young individuals who want to secure a better future for themselves and start earning to fulfill the needs of their families. Loans, grants and work studies are various kinds of financial aid that are being provided to students in the US for advance(a) studies. Much of veteran financial aid is focused on fulfilling the needs of a War-Time Veteran or surviving spous e. They are even provided assistance in the performance of daily tasks, such as eating, dressing, taking care of the needs of nature, etc. The focus of providing this financial assistance is to empower the veterans who gave up everything to serve and nurse their country. As education is an essential field where veterans need financial support so they can equip themselves with skills to secure good positions in job markets, the US government focuses more on veterans

Roman History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Roman History - Essay ExampleHe opposed against Terentilius to draw laws and codes for the plebeians and nobility to benefit the plebeians. Therefore the agrarian question represents the basis of Roman history. When the Romans started to expand their territory, due to the greed of the republic, the Romans were at war with neighbors. They built more new settlements on the captured land because the Senate was anxious about it. The agrarian law was a sore point for the republican and imperial Rome, for them the profession of the land surveyor (agrimeusor) was a national science. OR WAS WHAT THEY DIT BESTThanks to allotment of public land colonies were turning into cities. The number of the Roman citizens was constantly growing and Rome was getting larger and stronger. nigh 150 BC the empire was at the height of its power. Before the land property was undermined in Rome since the most ancient times. As well as in Greece, by a dangerous disaster namely debts. We can judge about the en ormous value of promissory notes but not by means of historians, who used it to describe as dramatic scenes. The basis of Leges duodecim tabularum (The Law of the Twelve Tables), the most archaic fragments, defines the destiny of the poor debtor.The law Leges Liciniae Sextiae (the law of Gaius Licinius Stolo and Lucius Sextius Lateranus) special(a) the size of land ownership in the public land fund that could be owned by patricians. These actions expanded access of plebeians to land funds. The law lex Poetelia Papiria that passed in 326 B.C. cancelled the debt servitude, as stated in The Law of the Twelve Tables.The Roman wars with the barbarians to expand the territory undermined the basis of the Roman peasantry even more directly. Assuming more and more to increase the scale of Rome, the soldiers where moving away from Rome due to long wars, to fight and tore the soldier off from his land near Rome. The know balance between a decrease from war and gain of the settled country popu lation was sustained when Romans had the possibility to make allotments in Northern Italy. By the middle of the 2nd century the stock of the free public land was exhausted and therefor the dispossession of land among the Roman citizens went even faster.This period in Roman history witnessed the changes in the Roman agriculture which had a fatal importance for small land ownership. Under Roman power, owing to expand territory, the barter intercourses of the Mediterranean Sea changed drastically. Bread for example began to be brought not only from Sicily, but also from Numidia and Egypt. The competition in agriculture with Italy destroyed the income and forced land owners to forget arable land and get cattle.We know most about these changes by the words of Marcus Porcius Cato, an excellent farmer who was asked what is the most favorable way of economy. His respond was - bene pascere (good cattle breed), bad cattle breeding, and then arable farming (arare). The peasants who were not able to find earnings at landowners and without having the possibility to change to cattle breeding due to insignificance of land suffered the first of all. They had to sell their lots, and that turned out as source of latifundia. Pliny the Younger explains this as that it has ruined Italy.In the

Women in the Workplace A Positive Perspective Essay

Women in the Workplace A irresponsible Perspective - Essay Example (Shakespe ares Hamlet, 1603)Whatever be the saying, it is a fact that women are the best creation of God or Mother Nature. Majority of the worlds population do not release this and they treat women like slaves be it at residehold or at work place. Men believe that women should not be unconditional and they want their ho routinehold women (wife, daughter, sister or even mother) to be chthonic the control of a man. In the olden days when the bread winner of the family (man) used to go out for business he would entrust the female of the house in the hands of a boy no matter if he is a kid who can not take care of even himself. This was their plight, then.The goals of clement development are deeply interlaced with the development and authorization of women as they comprise a significant proportion of the total population. Women not only fit the precious human resources of a country but their socio economic developme nt sets the velocity for the growth of the rest of the economy.Women in general were not allowed to be independent when growing up. The parents enforced different regulations on a girl which just hindered the girl from maturing enough. Girls were either protected by their parents or the primitive laws and they are never permitted to excel intellectually. The barbaric act of Sati practiced in India is worth to mention here. The practice was when the husband dies the wife has to jump into the pyre and sacrifice her life. If she fails to do so, others leave behind throw her into the burning pyre, forcefully. Sat was a funeral practice among some Hindu communities in which a recently-widowed woman would either voluntarily or by use of force and coercion immolate herself on her husbands funeral pyre. This practice is now very rare and outlawed in modern India.( http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sati_(practice). Thanks to Mr. Rajaram Mohan Roy, who was social reformer and victor William Benti nck, the British governor, the practice of Sati was put to an end by the British government in the year 1832.But times have changed since then. The society reached new realms of hap in all aspects of human life. Civilization and culture prospered. General awareness of the decentlys of people and impartment of education to women has put women in a more or little equal status with men. Rules and regulations are formed in each and either country and internal and international laws are developed and implemented that guarantee condom of women and her right to live as a human being Let us analyze the topic Women at Work Place - a Positive Perspective, in this context.IntroductionManu smriti (a Sanskrit word) which is also known as Manava-Dharmasastra (Sanskrit) is the approximately significant and originally written code of custom of Hinduism. This text has discriminated women in a most atrocious way. According to Manu,In childhood a female essential be subject to her father, in yo uth to her husband, and then to her sons a woman must never be independent. There is no God on earth for a woman than her husband.....She must, on the death of her husband allow herself to be fire alive on the same funeral pyre. That everyone will praise her virtue. This verse from Manu smriti has portrayed woman as the one who is dependent entirely on man right from her birth till her death. Now nobody considers Manu smriti as the final word now, and human society has grown to such a level to discard every law and code of conduct during the passage of time. The world is

DETAILED COMPARISON BETWEEN ACT AND RULE UTILITARIANISM Essay

DETAILED COMPARISON BETWEEN ACT AND RULE UTILITARIANISM - Essay ExampleA good consequence is determined in terms of pleasure or happiness (both intrinsic and instrumental), according to Bentham. So, his concept can also be termed as hedonic utilitarianism since he experimented logically that we look for pleasure (hedonism) and avert pain, assuming that both pleasure and pain hold an impact on our decisions, although we ar advised of right or wrong and cause or effect.Two forms of utilitarianism, act utilitarianism and find oneself utilitarianism are in conflict with each other. Act utilitarianism, being a results-oriented theory, supports consequentialism, assuming right or wrong on the basis of outcomes. Instead, rule utilitarianism, being an idealistic and inflexible theory, is based on rules involving conduct and related principles. Believers of rule utilitarianism dont violate the rules, approved by mainstream.Act Utilitarian upholds that the principle of utility must be emplo yed in all somebody situations, whenever possible. Bentham indicates that most vital attributes to determine what is moral are pleasure and pain. The practicality of an action decides its rightness or wrongness, bringing about the utmost good from countless evolving outcomes. For instance, if you are in a state where you consider lying to be a supreme good, at that point, you should lie. If infringement of law leads towards ultimate good of a ill-tempered act, then that act would be correct to adhere to. Likewise, Act Utilitarianism allows for flexibility, considering individual situations and identifying the right action strategy to produce extreme happiness.Conversely, Rule Utilitarianism, associated with John Stuart Mill, concentrates on common rules that each person must obey to lead towards the greatest community benefit. Unlike Act Utilitarianism, Rule Utilitarianism institutes the best rules, followed by the whole community, though it doesnt head

Homework Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Homework - Case Study ExampleIn contrast, bottom up training relies on administrators to provide the guidelines to manage projects. When both planning styles argon compared, top down planning is far more efficient as a security mechanism. Top down planning ensures interdepartmental coordination, parcelling of adequate resources as well as support from the all the required ends.3. The SecSDLC deals risk management better compared to the SDLC. It relies largely on precise risk and menace measurement along with the execution of specific controls to deal with such problems through active risk management. In contrast, SDLC relies on generalized info system public figure and implementation in any organization.4. Anything that provides an unvarying danger to an asset can be classified as a threat. Threats are further categorized as human actions that result in malfunction, intentional harm, intentional disruption and wreckage, purposeful software assault, negative variances in quality provision from service providers, technical let downs in software, downbeat actions in intellectual property domains, purposeful information extortion, intentional theft, force majeure, technical let downs in hardware and outdated technology.The CSI security sight is one of the most comprehensive reviews regarding cyber security. The survey is carried out independently and the report is adopted in a similar manner. The key economic impacts of cyber crime are looked into including estimated damages. For the year 2010-11, the CSI report outlines a number of key areas for security failures. These wereThe measurement for the current survey took place between July 2009 and June 2010 and consisted on responses from 351 information technology and information security personnel from various fields across the United

Medical profession Essay Example for Free

Medical profession EssayAdolescence roughly covers the epoch from thirteen to eighteen. Thus they are c anyed the teen years. Psychologist, educators and the medical profession all agree that adolescence is the most difficult stage an individual may have to go through. It is a time of rapid heightens in physical, cognitive and social behavior (Hurlock, 1982). At this age the teen undergo a transition from innocence to awareness.He shifts from the egocentric world of childhood where his thinking is guided solitary(prenominal) by what is completen or seen to a wide world within him and around him where he can logically think through its reality(Hilliard ,2003) The individual entered an age wherein suddenly there are so galore(postnominal) things that he wants to know, understand and experience. It is at this time that primary (sex organs) and secondary sex characteristics start to develop. This includes growth of pubic hair, swelling of breast or first menstrual period for g irls and penis growth for boys.Such changes are made possible due to biological change that are undergoing within their bodies. Both boys and girls began to release large quantities of sex hormones, estrogen for girls and androgen for boys. This hormonal change in turn may cause arousal and emotionality in both sexes as they began to figure there sexual values (Hurlock, 1982). Their physical and biological development may make teens overly self-aware and they become strongly interested to the opposite sex. It is at this time that they first start dating (Huebner, 2000).Generally teens are primarily confronted with issues or so sexuality that leads to confusion, chaos, revolt and extra emotional sensitivity (Hurlock, 1982). Developmental theories had been formulated to explain this phenomenon. METHODOLOGY The purpose of questionnaire is to know a teens view and attitude about sex. It does non tackle other sexuality issues like homosexuality and transgender. In developing my quest ionnaire I keep three things in mind I should not be biased, questions must be clear to avoid misunderstanding and that care should be taken so as not to offend or block my respondents.I know that teens can be very sensitive and conscious of what people say about them and for most of them sex is a private matter. To befitting the above criteria I was careful in not committing the following errors in designing a questionnaire a) the respondent feels the information is none of my business (Do you masturbate? ), b) unbelief lack a standard of reference ( do you feel comfortable discussing sex with people? What people? Friends? Parents?), c) the respondent does not know the get along (How many teens in your school disagree about premarital sex? ), andd) the respondent does not remember the answer and therefore guesses (How many girls does your best friend date last year? ). I first tested my questionnaire by letting one of my teen friends answer it. In this way I will know if the qu estions are clear and can be easily answered even when I am not around. I revised question/s that was declared not clear by my friend. The next task was to find a teen to be interviewed using the questionnaire. In order not to be biased I interviewed someone I do not know. In this way I have no idea regarding his sexual views.I went to a community common land where all sorts and types of teens usually hangout during non-school days. I found a prospect in a gathering of boys who were dancing beside a stage. The person I interviewed volunteered to answer the questionnaire. He strikes me as a happy go lucky teen. He dresses nicely and smells good although he had been sweating because of their dance practice (he informed me that his group will be joining a dance contest in their community). He smiles easily and seems not to take my interview seriously at first.

Elder Mistreatment Essay Example for Free

senior Mistreatment EssayOld age is generally a cadence for great life changes, stresses, and multiple losses for a maturing adult. An individuals capacity to manage stress fluctuates with age. There are optimism and positive energy in youth, along with physical stamina to meet demands of life and cope up with conflict. With advancing age, and consequent physical illness, bereavement and cares, people suffer a harm of their mental stamina in negotiating challenges of life (Gonzalez et al. , 1988, 15).With an increasing sense of loneliness and insecurity about life, aging adult face a completely diametrical level of problems that relate more to continuity, meaning and purposefulness of life, rather than meeting its veridical accomplishments. Elder mistreatment Definition Defining elder mistreatment requires due consideration of a number of factors that vary from victim profiles to type and degree of blackguard. Therefore to standardize its definition, elder mistreatment ha s been described as a process that starts with being overwhelmed that leads to pace, mistreatment and ignore that causes deplorable and pain for the victim (Johnson, 1991).Elder mistreatment deals with such issues as maltreatment, neglect, abuse, domestic violence, conflict and lapse in care management and physical and financial exploitation (Elder Abuse). in spite of all the health management plans the fact remains that elder people are very vulnerable when it comes to health care. They are easily susceptible to diseases, illness, injuries, and psychological traumas that are consequences of aging (Pillemer and Wolf, 1986).These circumstances lead to abuse owing to isolation of According to national surveys, more than 49 percent of elder population newspapers abuse that range from neglect in providing basic amenities such as food, water, medicines, shelter, clothing, and timely medical treatment to denial of emotional and psychological support (Elder Abuse) With portentous i ncrease in Americas elder population, providing adequate elder care at family, social, and institutional level has become a major issue.The everyday conscience level for the major problems facing oldish age people are neglect, mistreatment and mismanagement in care related aspects has seen greater academic look into to find out the causative factors behind elder neglect and mistreatment. Precipitators in elder mistreatment Contrary to the general perception of American family as one that is caring, unselfish and loving towards its elder members, researches in elder neglect and abuse have shown that most of the neglect and mistreatment is inflicted at the hands of close family members (Pillemer and Wolf, 1986).In a report by National Elder Abuse Incidence Study on elder abuse, it was shown that majority of abuse on people aged 60 or more takes place in domestic quarters at hands of family members (Bergeron and Gray, 2003). Close relatives such as siblings, children and in several cases even spouses have been form to be responsible for neglect and abuse. Earlier conceptions of families being a safe heaven for elderly population received setback as definition of neglect broadened to comprise sensitive issues of psychological support, emotional care, empathy and understanding (Douglass et al, 1984).An issue of grave concern is the findings pointing to elder abuse and mistreatment taking place at professional health care and nursing institutions by nursing staff that is specifically trained for taking adequate care of elderly people (Johnson, 1991) Types of mistreatment afflicting elders Elder population suffers a wide range of mistreatment and abuse. The major types of mistreatments as described at Elder Abuse Help Guide are1. Physical abuse of Elders It includes physically maltreating old people, assaulting, beating, pushing, using physical restraints and manhandling. Physical abuse is relatively a rare phenomenon. 2.Emotional abuse Emotional abuse of elders includes verbal or non verbal convention of disconcert, insult, blame, verbal harassment, ridicule, intimidation, and yelling on part of care takers. Emotional mistreatment is one of most frequent and commonly occurring abuse that elders suffer throughout the nation.3. Neglect Elder neglect involves ignorance of basic needs and requirements of aged people, lack of shelter, absence of supervision and monitoring, deliberate delay or denial in providing medical care and unretentive personal and hygienic care. 4. Emotional Neglect Emotional neglect leads to severe stress among old people.They are deliberately ignored, left to fend for themselves, not interpreted care of in such activities in which they require support and help of care-takers.5. Financial Abuse Elders are often abused financially by exploiting their financial resources and denying them the privileges of their own assets. Elders subjected to financial abuse are often deliberately isolated from rest of world by their ca retakers to avoid exposure and detection of their fraud. Financial abuse of elders is a common occurrence when elders are not staying with their blood-relatives but with near relatives or friends. Reasons and warnings of abuseIn the researches in elder abuse, a pertinent counselling of researchers has been on the causes that lead people to inflict abuse and mistreatment on people that are vulnerable, dependent and in need of love, care and emotional and often material support (Johnson, 1991). Finding the reasons for abuse becomes critical as it also acts as pointer to possible cases of abuses and mistreatment in many social and community settings where cases of abuse are not reported out of their sensitive nature. In explaining the cause of abuse, Bonnie and Wallace (2002) have presented a detailed socio-cultural specimen that identifies underlying processes in abuseOverview of model of elder mistreatment Meanwhile extensive research by a number of academicians and scholars has fu rther helped to create a structured profile of abuser. An elderly person whitethorn be undergoing abuse or is highly susceptible for it when the caretakers show psychopathological tendencies, trans-generational discrepancies, stressful life, economic hardships, burnout, drug-dependency, drinking problem, degree of dependence that is greater than care takers skill to handle, coercive and dominating nature of caretaker, inexperience, lack of sympathy and inability to feel empathy (Anetzberger , 1987 Anastasio , 1981Johnson, 1991).Elders may also be suffering abuse if they show constant fear of their care-giver, if there is a confrontational atmosphere around, and if they are get suddenly isolated, uncommunicative and pensive. Preventing Elder Abuse It is a poignant fact that elders themselves can do little in preventing their abuse. In case of people who are completely dependent on care-givers, such as Alzheimers patients and terminally ill patients, their extract depends on the car e-givers and hence they rarely report abuse incidents out of fear of antagonizing their care-givers.Therefore to prevent elder abuse requires a broad program that should center on development of services for elderly care, training sessions for care givers, initiation and integration of family members in the elderly care programs. Moreover, it is vital to pass the message that adequate, charitable and empathic care of elders is a holistic issue, one that has long term defining impact on social culture and ethics.

Study of history Essay Example for Free

Study of history EssayIn studying history, the different ways to promulgate data and interrogation in order to define a certain part of helped us recognize facts and claims that are relevant to the issues that we need to clarify. Historians usually interview the witnesses, victims, and heroes of the past to clarify and justify their thoughts and reviews on the different separate of historical accounts in the world. One of the most significant parts of history is buckle downry. The different kinds of break ones backry that emerged and developed during the distributor point of colonization made us prepare the true essence of our being as we acknowledge the facts and data of the past. Many have suffered and died during this period of struggle. knuckle downrs have gone through different kinds of slaving in let down and water. Land bondage is almost familiars to everybody because it was a phenomenon during colonization but it was an unbelievable revelation that even in the s hips of the sea contains hundreds of slaves that could not eat, drink, speak, nor move. However, how do the historians perceive the slave ships? How do they research on this issue? Are they keen to the issue as they uncover the whole truth by using their researchable documents and witnesses?Every soulfulness needs to study the past in order to justify the present and future. Nevertheless, are the historical data relevant and complete to signify the important expound that we need? We must read and analyze those data by finding flaws and arguments that are necessary to clarify distorted cases and parts of history. Some of the Notable philosophical Problems in documenting the Event Based on the research on the issue of break ones back Ship, many researchers and historians support their materials through interviews and special communication with different witnesses and heroes of the past. most of the witnesses that they used are church leaders and doctors who went through the voyage along with the slaves. The objective of the research as what I have seen is to show its reader that the research is complete and accurate source of learning from the past because they contain justification from the witness of the slave ships. In the article of the EyeWitness entitled Aboard a Slave Ship, 1829, they used the accounts of Reverend Walsh to show the true situation in a slave ship.We join Reverend Walshs account as he boards the slave ship, (EyeWitness, 2000). Another article stated that the research is an original account of the past that can be use to show the situation of a slave ship. Here, for your studying and research, we present an original 1860 news account of a captured Slave Ship. The Slave Ship was owned by a New York Slave Trader, It was full of natural African Men, Women, and Children, and it was delivering the Cargo to be sold in the South, (Son of the Ship, 2003).On the other way around, an article entitled The Slave Ship A Human tarradiddle by Marcus Rediker showed how Rediker, an author of a significant book that discusses the invigoration in a slave ship justify all the historical accounts that he byword and heard from his interviews and materials. Rediker is a distinguished maritime historian whose previous books have used long-neglected primary sources to shed important new light on life around the 18th century Atlantic, (Rutten, 2008). All the examples above were seen that the objectivity and choice of sources or references should rely on the needs of the readers.They all used people who are familiar and witnesses of the scenario so they could thoroughly define and describe the situation of the slave ship. However, they did not state the issues of the slavers, which are needed to show the side of the slobbers and not the slaves alone. though they have reached their resolution to uncover or reveal the situation in the ship, they ignored the stand of the slavers why they come up to that kind of situation. It became a devia te account in the side of the slaves.Though a reader should have pity on the slaves during those times as they read the situation in a slave ship, the authors and researchers of the document should also speak about the stand of the slavers and on how they are able to do those things. These claims are factual accounts, which is important to justify some(prenominal) sides. Can such problems be avoided? How? These problems can be avoided if the authors and researchers also showed the other situation to compare and contrast the thoughts and ideology of both sides. We all know that the slaves during the period are abundant but we do not know the deeper meaning of slavery.According to Kaltenbacher, Mehta, and Nahas (2008), in their article entitled Antebellum Slavery Interstate Slave Trade, Slaves forcefully pushed together, back to face, lay cramped and helpless on the boat. Their sweating bodies were so close to each other that it was not unlikely to feel the heatable breath of anothe r slave stinging the back of ones neck. The authors of the article discussed the situation of the slaves. It shows that the different documents tell us about the meaning of slavery its background, and development as years went on.However, it must also be describe in those articles to show the two sides of the situation so that people could thoroughly control the scenario in a large perspective and concept because the authors only described the sides of the slaves and did not involved the sides of the slavers. Conclusion The hardest part of research is to document the past. Most of us say the term past is past. This is true in most of the time because we could not return to the past especially during the times when paper and pen was keep mum not invented to write all the important details of a certain situation that part of historical events.If we think logically, how can we believe the books, articles, and journals that we read about history if the writers did perceive the event that they wrote? It was the hardest part I guess to educators of history to justify the claim of the past. However, this is also a challenge to discuss the historical events of world life because different perspectives and ideologies emerged as the interaction of both students and teachers are created.References Aboard a Slave Ship, 1829, EyeWitness to History, www.eyewitnesstohistory. com (2000) Kaltenbacjer, E. et al. (2008). Ship Life. Retrieved on January 21, 2008 from http//cghs. dadeschools. net/slavery/antebellum_slavery/interstate_slave_trade/ship_life. htm Rutten, T. (2008).The Slave Ship A Human History by Marcus Rediker. Los Angeles Times. http//www. latimes. com/features/books/la-et-rutten2jan02,0,4348521. Son of the South. (2003). Slave Ship. Retrieved on January 21, 2008 from http//www. sonofthesouth. net/slavery/slave-ship. htm.

Ethical concerns of the little albert study

Ethical concerns of the little albert take on1. The first major(ip) ethical concern we encountered in this exam period was that of Watson and his tiny Albert tuition. The modern code of ethics denounces evoking fear responses from human participants, unless the participant has been made aw be of and consented beforehand. As an infant, Albert was obviously unable(p) to give consent and also unable to realize that what he was taking part in was controlled research. Scaring a child to the point where he is visibly terrified and crying seems unequivocally immoral. I necessitate more issue with the fact that Watson didnt remove the fear in Albert by de-conditioning him, even though he had time to allow for it. The impact of the study efficiency justify ethical wrongs it committed. It is one of the some influential studies on phobias of all time, paving the way for counterconditioning (Cover Jones) and opposite therapies that produce allowed millions of people to over set out inca pacitating fears and activated issues.A nonher case briefly covered this exam period was the study done by Schreiner and Kling on Kluver-Bocy Syndrome. The syndrome is a behavioural disorder that typically occurs as a result of damage or malfunction of the amygdale. In carrying out their research, Schreiner and Kling removed the amygdale of cats and monkeys (Squire 201). This research led to a greater understanding of the brain and the immenseness of the amygdale, exclusively obviously came at a cost to the animals involved in the testing. Modern research by Rusiko Bourtchouladze has shown the syndrome to hinder the ability to understand feelings and emotions. He describes how they get their desire to compete or coope knock offe and an inability to detect sadness, disgust, fear or rage (Bourtchouladze 83). This is in addition to exceedingly unusual sexual practices and mixed memory and recognition problems. The research was illuminating, only in retrospect, leaving an animal with a disorder in the process seems unethical and avoidable.The last psychologist Ill spotlight is Harry Harlow, one of the most ethically controversial figures of modern psychology. The knowledge he attempted to gain from his research was noble understanding the c betaker-child human relationship and how this relationship leads to certain behaviors and abnormalities in the childs maturation. The execution, however, is in high spiritsly unethical by todays standards. Many of the monkeys Harlow experimented on were severely traumatized by their time in the research lab. Harlow employed devices such as his rape rack to artificially inseminate monkeys and also a pit of despair to produce isolation and notion. In addition, he purposefully tried to express fear responses in the animals and admitted to somatogeneticly abusing some of the subjects. It really doesnt come as a surprise that many of the subjects of his studies were left permanently psychotic upon the completion of the research.As ethically deplorable as Harlows studies may seem today, the impact of his studies do seem to justify their moral impropriety. The influence and impact of Harlows studies are high they helped better and educate society about parenting. Many of those from my fathers generation grew up with limited intimacy and meat from their parents. My dad told me that his father rarely showed any sort of physical affection towards him, never once hugging him or telling him that he loved him. The work of Harlow helped illuminate just how important contact comfort and affection is in the relationship between a child and its caregivers. This principle has also helped positively shape the methods use in dealing with children that lose been abused and children in orphanages. Furthermore, some study had to be the one that led to a major push in ethical reform of psychological research. Harlows highly unethical handling of his rhesus monkeys was a major factor in the animal advocacy movemen t and also in the creation of the Ameri place Psychological Associations code of ethics. Harlow was wrong, but the publicity and attention he brought to his studies had the side effect of revealing some of the improper and unethical practices that had been occurring within psychological research.Bourtchouladze, Rusiko. Memories are made of this how memory whole kit in humans and animals. New York Columbia University Press, 2002. Print.Squire, Larry R.. The history of neuroscience in autobiography . Washington D.C. Society for Neuroscience, 1996. Print.2. In contrast to the dominant thinking of the time, John Watsons behaviourism relied only on observable behavior for its information. His Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It is now known as the behaviorist manifesto and is one of the most influential documents in the formation of behaviourism. The prevailing school of thought in psychology at the time relied heavily on introspection, but Watson did non believe introspection to be objective enough to be measured and accurately portrayed as science. In hoping to increase this objectivity, he took the focus away from enigmatic noetic processes and fixed it on empiricist principles that sought to predict and control actions. Emotions to him werent understandable through introspection but rather as a response to a stimuli. One of his major pieces of research was his study of Little Albert. Albert, an infant, was exposed to a white rat which he showed no visible fear towards. Watson then began accompanying the presentation of the rat with a loud noise. Eventually Albert was conditioned to associate the two even when the noise was discontinued, Albert kept his fear response when presented with the rat. This study verified to Watson that conditioned reflexes could be used to explain behavior and that psychological research should be rooted in observable stimuli and responses to these stimuli.Skinner was a proponent of a school of behaviorism called radical beh aviorism. In many ways, his behaviorism, which focuses on operant conditioning, has supplanted the behaviorism of Watson. Skinner was focused on behavior as a function of schedules under which rewards are attained. Rather than the reflex focused theory of Watson, Skinner incorporated more the role of consequences in behavior and conditioning. Many human and animal actions cant simply be explained as reflexes. Writing this paper, for example, is not a reflex and the stimuli that govern it do not precede it. Rather, it is influenced by what follows it, its consequences, such as a fair grade and the outcome of a good grade. Of interest to Skinner in understanding behavior are the types of reinforcement we get from our actions. Positive results from a behavior will typically increase that behavior and negative results will decrease it. One of Skinners famous studies was that of superstition in the pigeon. Placing pigeons in a box that would unblock food at regular intervals, Skinner form that the pigeons associated the release of the food with whatever coincidental action they had performed as it was delivered. The pigeons would then repeat this action, believing it to have an effect on the releasing of the food. This study helped continue to cement Skinners belief in and support for operant conditioning.Tolman rejected Watsons reflex based form of behaviorism. He felt that mental processes could be objective and measurable in the same way physical ones were, broadening behaviorism to incorporate the psychological concepts of purpose and cognition. To Tolman, knowledge does not have to manifest itself in performance, nor is reinforcement needed to connect stimuli. For Tolman, reinforcement is not the essential aspect of revealing that Skinner claims it to be. Rather, we can learn things latently and then use them in a flexible manner that may not necessarily be immediate. He used studies involving rats and various mazes to demonstrate that we can learn even w hen rewards are not present. Rather than a rigid model based in automatic responses, Tolman saw us as creating tentative, cognitive maps that indicate to us routes, paths and relationships that are relevant to goal orientation. His theory of goal-directed behavior focuses on an organisms behavior, what it is attempting to accomplish with the behavior and where it is going. Tolman also took Skinners idea of a leash variable (a variable other than stimuli and response) and tweaked it to suit his own form of behaviorism. Rather than something external in the environment as Skinner posited, Tolmans intervening variable was something mental occurring within the person or animal, such as hunger, motivation, intelligence, or intention.A June 2002 survey by the Review of General Psychology chose Skinner as the most influential psychologist of the 20th century and I agree. He is often quotationed with the change in terminology for renaming academic psychology departments behaviorism depart ments during the 1950s. His work is highly influential in academia, psychological treatment and therapy, and the understanding of learning, education, communication, and human behavior.3. The person in psychology that we have covered in order that has resonated most with me is Mortons study on skull size and its use to justify racism. Morton conducted an extremely biased study where he found the skull size of Caucasians to be largest and North American Indian and Africans to be smallest. His study prompted many to believe that Indians and blacks were of a different species and, in a highly Christian influenced culture, that the bible was not directed at them. This implied that African and aboriginal Americans were not destined to heaven as their Caucasian and Asiatic counterparts were. His ethnology was accepted as a way to justify racism and slavery against the Africans who were forcefully brought to the U.S. against their will for labor. In regards to the Indians, their mistreat ment was justified since they were looked at as savages or a subhuman race. In this theory, it was believed that the size of one skull is the decisive factor in terms of ones mental capacities and belief system where a larger skull is most desirable.Even if skull size was an accurate way to determine intelligence, it is obviously not true that all Caucasians would have larger skulls than all blacks. There might be some Caucasians with small skulls and blacks with larger. He was selective in choosing his subjects though where he had more women for the groups that were supposedly indifferent since generally, women have smaller skulls sizes than men. This produced his desired outcome.This was a landmark study because racism had existed long before this study was published. It still continues today after this study was found to be erroneous. At the time of the study though, Caucasians justified the mistreatment of other races. They were inferior and lacked the intellectual capacities s o it was not immoral. It was found though that Morton only used data that supported this conclusion and rejected data that might counter his argument.It is interesting that after this study was found to be false, other eugenic studies have come out insinuating that whites were superior. (Herrnstein and Murrays The Bell Curve comes to mind as a modern example.) These studies show the way the human mind operates. It is obvious that there was a sense impression of guilt in the mistreatment of other races. The only way to justify these actions to God would be through science where treating an inferior group poorly would not be immoral. The inferior group would not understand this mistreatment. Mortons study also shows that the groups doing the mistreating knew that what they were doing was not right. They knew that it was not moral to forcefully remove a race and ultimately press out it as they did with the Native American race and on the other hand, forcefully bring another race in a country, stripping them from their families, to act as slaves. Another way that the Caucasian race showed their sense of superiority was through the assimilation of other groups. Many Native American tribes were forced into boarding schools where their wording was forbidden, converted into Christianity, and forced to embrace western culture. They did not believe the Native culture to be as refined or sophisticated as theirs.This study seems absurd through the 21st century lens however it was widely accepted at the time. Racism still exists today in more deadly ways. The American Dream is supposedly attainable for all yet there are still disproportionate numbers of whites at the top and racial minorities at the bottom in terms of wealth. Success in this country is determined by factors that are biased towards the upper class Caucasian group. It is possible for other races to be successful but there are more barriers to entry. For one, racism stools some racial groups believe tha t they are not good enough to make it to college or top jobs in a self fulfilling prophecy. It is disheartening to think that the remnants of this study, however absurd they seem, still negatively affect the out groups today.5) In class we discussed different cases in which scientists have cheated. There are different reasons why these scientists cheated but all are for person-to-person gain or simplifying their studies. The types of cheating are data fabrication, selective exclusion of results, plagiarism, and ghost-writers. We see these same types of cheating in our world today whether it is in our peers, ourselves, our government, or large corporations. Comparing the case of Kammerer and the actions that resulted in the 2008 government bailout, we see two instances where data fabrication occurred.In Kammerers studies he was trying to prove that acquired traits could be passed down through genetic endowment. Today this is known not to be true but Kammerer proved it through cheati ng in a study with toads and nuptial pads. The nuptial pads were acquired when toads lived and mated in an aquarium. He claimed that the offspring of these toads who lived in aquariums and acquired the nuptial pads were born with the pads as well. It was later found that he had actually injected the offspring with ink to imitate the nuptial pads to support his theory of heredity of acquired traits. Kammerer committed suicide and in a last note, he stood by his word that he did not commit fraud but was suspicious of somebody who manipulated his study.During the financial crisis many large financial institutions were selling securities that they knew were not good investments to their clients. Selling these securities would give them money in the short term. In the long make it though, they disoriented money and many organizations had to declare bankruptcy. They claimed that the government had to bail them out otherwise the whole countrys finances would collapse, which arguably hap pened anyway. The average American was defrauded into debt through the credit pass judgment system. The ratings are used by investors to determine the risk of the credit ideally making the costs lowest for both borrowers and lenders. Financial products and investments were given high grades even if they were risky or bad investments. The low interest rates were an incentive for Americans to buy things they simply could not afford through borrowing. Often propagation the bankers would bet against an investment or loan that they gave a high rating to. This would give them more money if the loan failed.In both cases the motives involved personal gain. In the Kammerer case, he wanted to make a landmark discovery that would put him down in history as one of the greatest scientists. He did not directly have innocent victims but could have misled the public to believe that something was possible that was not. Also, being a scientist, he should have known that coming(prenominal) studies would be done involving his theory and would undoubtedly find his theory to be false. In the case of the large financial institutions giving bad loans and falsely rating investments, their incentive was to get more money for themselves regardless of who would suffer. The United States was the victim in this matter causing the greatest recession since the great depression. People lost their savings and homes. The perpetrators were not punished and should have been.I found the latter case to be far more problematic with fewer consequences. The financial institutions did not seem to have any sort of guilt since it was a large umbrella organization and not one single individual as in the former case. Kammamer obviously felt guilty about his actions and took his own life as a result. In that case tangible things were not taken but rather a false idea was put in the minds of the public. In the latter case, many people lost everything they had. Their careless actions caused many people dep ression in the aftermath. The individuals on Wall Street failed to perform their job and made the American people pay for their mistakes through their losses and in the tax dollars they used in bailing them out.